Dancheong: The meaning behind South Korea's beautifully painted temples
Ah, South Korea.
A land that seeks to balance urbanization with rich cultural traditions. A place where one can simultaneously feel overstimulated and completely at peace.
At times it felt as though I was embedded into one giant oxymoron, or maybe it’s just the one place in the world that had it “all figured out.”
Both are extreme exaggerations, but the country completely captivated me during my time there (the seemingly endless supply of dumplings and kimchee sure didn’t hurt, either).
In general, I tend to notice the subtle things when I’m in a new place and South Korea was no different. It’s these microscopic findings that keep me up at night, trying to critically think my way toward a novice interpretation of my surroundings.
As I wandered around the palaces of Seoul, I couldn’t quite pinpoint why all of the buildings were decorated with the same vibrant hues of red, blue, and green, but it gnawed away at my mind to the point of feeling compelled to write this post and share it all with you.
Yes, ok, it’s only natural to assume that there is some religious meaning tied to Buddhism, and, generically, that’s not wrong, but I’m talking more specifics.
Why are the brush strokes the way they are? Why are the colors so limited? Why so bright?
The answer lies in one word: Dancheong
THE HISTORY
Dancheong is the symbolism behind all of South Korea’s beautifully painted temples, referring to the uniform five-colored designs. The word can be translated directly as “red and green” and dates back to prehistoric times when the concept was found to be adorning the walls of tombs from the Three Kingdoms of Korea era (57 BC - 668 AD).
As time went on, dancheong spread from places of eternal rest to buildings of prominence. Not only did the vibrant design convey the importance and status of the residents, but it also served as a meaningful way to preserve and protect the wooden structure from the weather.
To this day, dancheong is limited to temples and palaces and in some cases, musical instruments.
Looking for more reading about South Korea?
THE COLORS AND SYMBOLS
All dancheong designs use the same five colors, each relating to the 5 elements theory in their own way:
blue: east, dragon, spring, and wood
red: south, birds, summer, and fire
white: west, tiger, fall, gold
black: north, hyeonmu (an imaginary animal that is part turtle and part snake), winter, and water
yellow: center, periods of time between seasons, and Earth
Together, it is believed that these colors epitomize the Korean desire for stability and peace in the present life, while working towards a rewarding afterlife.
Creating the masterpiece is just as much a work of art as the finished product itself.
Artisans must operate in unison to devise these complex and intricate designs, all while utilizing various symbols and patterns.
As one might imagine, highly specialized painters are required and each artist working on the project is responsible for one single color throughout the entire process.
Common symbols found throughout a dancheong design include:
3 circles: typically outside of large buildings and located up towards the roof, these represent heaven, earth, and the moon
Fish symbol: when located on the main Buddha table, this represents the effort and determination necessary for attaining eternal enlightenment
Swastika: Ancient buddhist symbol of peace, harmony, and good luck
Lotuses: Represents ignorance when rising from mud and enlightenment when ascending towards a clear sky
Location can also determine the color used. For example, exterior walls and pillars of buildings that receive sunlight are traditionally painted red
THE TYPES
The art of dancheong can be dissected into four main types, often identified based on location or patterns used.
Morucho: This is a pattern used on both ends of supporting beams, incorporating simple symbols such as a water lily, pomegranate, bubble, feather, or a green flower
Byeoljihwa: Traditional storytelling that is present between two morucho and consists of holy animals (such as dragons, lions, horses, or cranes) along with sagunja (specual plants such as plums, orchids, or bamboo) and scenes of the buddha sutra
Bidan munui: This pattern is full of diverse colors used to create geometric shapes
Dangdong munui: Used to describe when a single flower, animal, gemoetric shape, or pattern appears in one section
An example of morucho dancheong - a single flower is painted on the end of each beam
An example of byeoljihwa dancheong
So, there you have it. A brief story behind South Korea’s majestic and eye-catching temples, yet a much deeper understanding of ancient Korean values and beliefs. Next time you find yourself in new surroundings, or even in a place that you visit often but don’t know much about, be sure to take a step back and simply wonder. You never know what new meaning you might discover!
Thanks for stopping by and as always, stay safe & happy travels!